Acids Aur Bases Karte Kya Hain? ⚗️
Ab dekhte hain ki acid aur base doosre padarthon ke saath milkar kya karte hain. Ye lesson board exam ka sabse zyada equation-wala hissa hai — har reaction (abhikriya) dhyan se yaad karo.
1️⃣ Acid + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas
📐 Acid + Metal (dhaatu) → Salt + H₂↑
✔ Examples
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂↑
2Na + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H₂↑
Mg + H₂SO₄ → MgSO₄ + H₂↑
Nikli hui gas hydrogen hai — ye kaise saabit karein? Ek jalti hui maachis ki teeli gas ke paas le jao. Agar gas "pop" ki aawaz ke saath jal uthe, toh wo hydrogen hai! Board mein ye test bahut poocha jaata hai.
2️⃣ Base + Metal → Salt + Hydrogen gas
Sirf kuch khaas metals (jaise zinc, aluminium) hi bases ke saath react karti hain:
✔ Example
Zn + 2NaOH → Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂↑
(Na₂ZnO₂ = sodium zincate)
3️⃣ Acid + Metal Carbonate / Bicarbonate → Salt + CO₂ + Paani
📐 Acid + Carbonate → Salt + CO₂↑ + H₂O
📐 Acid + Bicarbonate → Salt + CO₂↑ + H₂O
✔ Examples
Na₂CO₃ + 2HCl → 2NaCl + CO₂↑ + H₂O
NaHCO₃ + HCl → NaCl + CO₂↑ + H₂O
CaCO₃ + 2HCl → CaCl₂ + CO₂↑ + H₂O
Cake ke aate mein baking soda (NaHCO₃) aur thoda khatta (nimbu, dahi ya baking powder ka tartaric acid) milaya jaata hai. Dono milte hi CO₂ gas banti hai — aur wahi gas ke bubbles aate mein fas kar cake ko phulaa dete hain, naram aur sponge jaisa. Isiliye cake mein chhote-chhote chhed dikhte hain!
Nikli gas CO₂ hai ya nahi? Use chuna paani (lime water) mein guzaaro — wo
doodhiya (milky) ho jaata hai:
Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃↓ + H₂O
Aur agar aur zyada CO₂ guzaaro toh doodhiyapan gayab ho jaata hai (kyunki ghulnsheel
calcium bicarbonate ban jaata hai):
CaCO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O → Ca(HCO₃)₂
4️⃣ Acid + Base → Salt + Paani (Neutralisation)
📐 Acid + Base → Salt + Water
NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H₂O
Iski poori kahani agle lesson mein — ye itna important hai ki iska apna lesson hai!
5️⃣ Acid + Metal Oxide → Salt + Paani
Metal oxides basic hote hain, isliye wo acid ke saath base jaisa hi vyavhaar karte hain:
✔ Example
CuO + 2HCl → CuCl₂ + H₂O
(Kaala CuO ghulta hai aur ghol neela-hara ho jaata hai — copper chloride ki wajah se)
📌 Metal oxide = basic oxide (acid se react karta hai)
📌 Non-metal (adhaatu) oxide = acidic oxide (base se react karta hai)
6️⃣ Base + Non-metal Oxide → Salt + Paani
✔ Example
Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ → CaCO₃ + H₂O
Yahi wo reaction hai jisse chuna paani doodhiya hota hai — aur yahi saabit karta hai ki CO₂ ek
acidic oxide hai.
⚡ Acid Bijli Kyun Conduct Karta Hai?
Acid ke ghol mein free H⁺ ions hote hain, aur base ke ghol mein free OH⁻ ions. Ye charged ions hi bijli le jaate hain — isiliye acid aur base ke ghol bijli ke sulahak (conductors) hote hain.
📌 Glucose aur alcohol mein bhi hydrogen hota hai, par wo H⁺ ion nahi dete — isiliye unke ghol bijli conduct nahi karte, aur wo acid bhi nahi kehlate. Ye board ka favourite "reason do" sawaal hai!
Taj Mahal safed marble (CaCO₃) ka bana hai. Aas-paas ke udyogon aur gaadiyon se nikli SO₂ aur NO₂ gases hawa ki nami se milkar acid rain banati hain, jo marble ke saath react karke use gala deti hai — ise "marble cancer" kehte hain. Isiliye Taj ke aas-paas udyogon par sakht rok lagayi gayi hai. Aapka padha hua "acid + carbonate" wala equation, desh ki dharohar bachane ka kaaran hai.
🧠 Apne Aap Ko Test Karo
🧊 3D mein dekho acid-base ke ions kaise banate aur milte hain!
Open 3D Ion Lab →