⚙️ Electric Motor — Bijli Se Ghumaav
Pichhle lesson mein humne dekha ki magnetic field mein rakhe current wale taar par force lagta hai. Ab ek chhota sa jugaad: us taar ko ek loop bana do aur use ghoomne do.
📌 Motor kaam kaise karta hai:
1️⃣ Ek coil ko magnet ke do poles ke beech rakha jaata hai
2️⃣ Coil mein current bhejo — Fleming ke left-hand rule se coil ki
ek bhuja par force UPAR aur doosri par NEECHE lagta hai (kyunki
dono mein current ulti disha mein bah raha hai)
3️⃣ Do ulte force = ek ghumaav (torque) → coil
ghoomne lagti hai
Bijli ki energy → ghumne ki (yantrik) energy
🔑 Split ring (commutator) — motor ka sabse chalaak hissa
Ek dikkat hai: aadha chakkar ghoomne ke baad coil ki dono bhujaayein
jagah badal leti hain. Ab force bhi ulta lagega — aur coil
wapas peeche ghoomne lagegi! Wo bas
aage-peeche jhoolti rahegi, poora chakkar kabhi nahi lagayegi.
Hal: ek split ring lagaya jaata hai — ek gol ring jo
do hisson mein kati hoti hai. Har aadhe chakkar par wo coil mein
current ki disha ULTI kar deti hai.
Nateeja: force hamesha ek hi ghumaav ki disha mein rehta hai, aur coil
lagataar ek hi taraf ghoomti rehti hai.
🔄 Electromagnetic Induction — Ulta Kaam
Oersted ne 1820 mein dikha diya tha ki bijli se magnet banta hai.
Michael Faraday ne ulta sawaal poocha: "toh kya magnet se
bijli bhi ban sakti hai?"
Unhone ek coil ke paas magnet rakh diya aur meter dekha — kuch
nahi. Kai saal tak koshish ki, kuch nahi hua.
Phir 1831 mein unhone wo kiya jo asli chaabi thi: unhone magnet ko
HILAYA. Aur meter ki sui turant hil gayi!
Magnet rok do — sui wapas zero. Phir hilao — phir current. Ulta hilao —
ulta current.
Asli raaz: sirf magnet ka hona kaafi nahi. Field ka
BADALNA zaroori hai.
Kehte hain kisi ne Faraday se poocha, "iska faayda kya hai?" Unhone jawab diya —
"naye paida hue bachche ka faayda kya hai?" Aaj duniya ki
lagbhag saari bijli isi ek prayog se banti hai.
📌 Electromagnetic induction: jab kisi coil ke aas-paas ka magnetic field
badalta hai, toh us coil mein current paida ho jaata hai. Ise
induced current kehte hain.
Current tabhi banega jab kuch badle:
🔹 Magnet ko coil ke paas hilaao, ya
🔹 Coil ko magnet ke paas hilaao, ya
🔹 Coil ko field mein ghumaao
⚠️ Dono sthir (still) hon toh current bilkul nahi banega — chaahe magnet kitna
hi taakatwar ho.
✋ Fleming ka RIGHT-hand rule (induced current ki disha):
SEEDHE (right) haath ki teen ungliyan perpendicular failaao:
👍 Angootha = conductor ki GATI (motion)
🖕 Pehli ungli = FIELD
🖕 Beech wali ungli = INDUCED CURRENT
⚠️ Dono Fleming rules ko mat milaao:
🔹 LEFT hand → MOTOR (current diya hai, force nikaalna hai)
🔹 RIGHT hand → GENERATOR (gati di hai, current nikaalna hai)
Yaad rakhne ka tareeka: "Right = generator"
(bijli banana), "Left = motor (bijli lena).
🔌 Electric Generator — Ghumaav Se Bijli
📌 Generator motor ka bilkul ULTA hai:
🔹 Motor: bijli daalo → ghumaav milta hai
🔹 Generator: ghumaao → bijli milti hai
Dono ki banawat lagbhag ek jaisi hai — coil, magnet aur ring. Farak sirf ye hai ki
kisme kya daala ja raha hai.
| AC generator | DC generator | |
|---|---|---|
| Ring ka prakaar | Slip rings (do poore ring) | Split ring (ek kati hui ring) |
| Current ki disha | Har aadhe chakkar par badalti hai | Hamesha ek hi rehti hai |
| Kya nikalta hai | AC (Alternating Current) | DC (Direct Current) |
| Kahan use hota | Bijli-ghar, ghar ki supply | Battery charging, kuch machinein |
🇮🇳 Bharat mein AC ki supply: ghar mein aane wali bijli
AC hai, aur uski frequency 50 Hz hai.
Iska matlab: current ek second mein 50 baar apna poora chakra poora karta hai,
yani 100 baar disha badalta hai!
AC hi kyun bhejte hain? Kyunki AC ka voltage
transformer se aasaani se ghataya-badhaya ja sakta hai. Bijli-ghar se lambi doori
tak bhejne ke liye voltage bahut zyada kar dete hain (isse current kam ho jaata
hai aur H = I²Rt wala nuksaan bahut ghat jaata hai), aur aapke mohalle mein
utaar kar 220 V kar dete hain.
DC ke saath ye itni aasaani se nahi ho paata — isiliye poori duniya AC par chalti hai.
Chaahe koyle wala bijli-ghar ho, ya paani wala (hydro), ya parmaanu (nuclear), ya hawa wala (wind) —
sab mein aakhir mein wahi ek cheez hoti hai: ek bahut bada
coil magnetic field mein ghumaya jaata hai.
Farak sirf itna hai ki ghumaata kaun hai:
🔥 Koyla / gas / parmaanu → paani ubaal kar
bhaap banti hai, wo turbine ghumaati hai
💧 Hydro → girta hua paani turbine ghumaata hai
🌬️ Wind → hawa pankhe ko ghumaati hai
Sirf solar panel alag hai — usme koi cheez ghoomti nahi, wo seedhe roshni se
bijli banata hai.
Yani aapke bulb tak pahunchne wali lagbhag saari bijli, Faraday ke us ek prayog ka
seedha nateeja hai.
Bharat ka Bhakra Nangal baandh (Himachal/Punjab) desh ke sabse purane bade
hydro-electric projects mein se ek hai. Wahan Sutlej nadi ka girta hua paani
bade turbines ko ghumaata hai, aur wo turbines
generator ki coil ko magnetic field mein ghumaate hain.
Jawaharlal Nehru ne ise "aazad Bharat ka mandir" kaha tha.
Aaj bharat solar aur wind mein duniya ke sabse tez badhne wale deshon mein hai —
Rajasthan ka Bhadla Solar Park duniya ke sabse bade solar parks mein se ek hai, aur
Tamil Nadu aur Gujarat mein hazaron windmill lage hain. Har windmill ke andar wahi
Faraday wala coil ghoom raha hai.
🧠 Apne Aap Ko Test Karo
✋ Fleming Trainer mein LEFT aur RIGHT dono rules ka abhyaas karo!
Start Practice →