Sirf Carbon Aur Hydrogen ⛽
Wo compounds jo sirf carbon aur hydrogen se bane hain, unhe hydrocarbons kehte hain. Petrol, diesel, LPG, CNG, mombatti ka mom — sab hydrocarbons hain. Inhe do bade parivaaron mein baanta jaata hai.
📌 Saturated (santript): Carbon ke beech sirf single bond.
📌 Unsaturated (asantript): Kam se kam ek double ya triple bond.
1️⃣ Alkanes — Saturated (Cₙ H₂ₙ₊₂)
Sirf single bonds. Ye kam reactive hote hain — isiliye inhe "paraffins" bhi kehte hain (Latin: parum affinis = kam lagav).
| Naam | Formula | Structure | Kahan milta hai |
|---|---|---|---|
| Methane | CH₄ | 1 carbon | Biogas, CNG, gobar gas |
| Ethane | C₂H₆ | C—C | Prakritik gas |
| Propane | C₃H₈ | C—C—C | LPG ka hissa |
| Butane | C₄H₁₀ | C—C—C—C | LPG cylinder, lighter |
| Pentane | C₅H₁₂ | 5 carbon chain | Petrol ka hissa |
🧮 Formula check karo: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ mein n = carbon ki sankhya.
Butane: n = 4 → H = 2(4) + 2 = 10 → C₄H₁₀ ✓
2️⃣ Alkenes — Double Bond (Cₙ H₂ₙ)
| Naam | Formula | Structure |
|---|---|---|
| Ethene | C₂H₄ | CH₂ = CH₂ |
| Propene | C₃H₆ | CH₃ — CH = CH₂ |
| Butene | C₄H₈ | CH₃ — CH₂ — CH = CH₂ |
Ethene (C₂H₄) ek prakritik "ripening hormone" hai — phal khud isse chhodte hain aur
isi se pakte hain! Isiliye ek paka kela doosre kacche phalon ke saath rakhne se wo bhi jaldi pak
jaate hain. Vyapari isi liye godown mein ethene ka istemal karte hain.
⚠️ Par calcium carbide (masala) se pakana Bharat mein kanoonan mana
hai — usme arsenic aur phosphorus ki milaawat hoti hai jo sehat ke liye khatarnaak hai.
3️⃣ Alkynes — Triple Bond (Cₙ H₂ₙ₋₂)
| Naam | Formula | Structure |
|---|---|---|
| Ethyne (acetylene) | C₂H₂ | CH ≡ CH |
| Propyne | C₃H₄ | CH₃ — C ≡ CH |
🔥 Ethyne (acetylene) oxygen ke saath jalkar 3000°C tak ki lau deta hai — isiliye oxy-acetylene welding se loha kaata aur joda jaata hai. Dhyan do: ise hawa mein jalao toh kaala dhuaan deta hai, par shuddh oxygen mein saaf neeli lau — tabhi itni garmi milti hai.
🔀 Isomers — Ek Formula, Alag Structure
📌 Isomers: Aise compounds jinka molecular formula ek jaisa ho, par structure alag ho — aur isi wajah se unke gun bhi alag hote hain.
✔ Butane ke 2 isomers (dono C₄H₁₀)
1. n-Butane (seedhi chain):
CH₃ — CH₂ — CH₂ — CH₃ (B.P. −0.5°C)
2. Isobutane (shakha wali):
CH₃ — CH(CH₃) — CH₃ (B.P. −11.7°C)
Dono mein 4 carbon aur 10 hydrogen — par structure alag, isliye ubalne ka taapmaan
bhi alag!
| Compound (yaugik) | Formula | Kitne isomers |
|---|---|---|
| Methane, Ethane, Propane | CH₄, C₂H₆, C₃H₈ | 1 (koi isomer nahi) |
| Butane | C₄H₁₀ | 2 |
| Pentane | C₅H₁₂ | 3 |
| Hexane | C₆H₁₄ | 5 |
💡 Kyun pehle teen ke isomers nahi hote? Kyunki 3 ya usse kam carbon ko shakha (branch) mein sajaane ka koi doosra tareeka hai hi nahi — har tareeka ghumakar dekho toh wahi seedhi chain nikalti hai. Isomerism 4 carbon se shuru hoti hai. Ye board mein poocha jaata hai!
🧪 Saturated Ya Unsaturated — Kaise Pehchaanein?
| Test | Saturated (alkane) | Unsaturated (alkene/alkyne) |
|---|---|---|
| Jalne par lau | Saaf neeli lau | Peeli lau + kaala dhuaan |
| Bromine water test | Rang nahi badalta | Bromine ka bhoora rang gayab ho jaata hai |
| Reactivity | Kam (substitution karte hain) | Zyada (addition karte hain) |
🔬 Bromine water test board ka favourite hai. Unsaturated compound double/triple bond ke through bromine ko jod (add) leta hai, isliye bhoora rang khatm ho jaata hai. Saturated compound ke paas jodne ki jagah nahi hai — rang waisa ka waisa.
🧠 Apne Aap Ko Test Karo
🔀 Isomer Explorer mein butane, pentane aur hexane ke saare isomers khud dekho!
Open Isomer Explorer →